Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
The fight against AMR
An ongoing threat to global health
Worldwide, AMR-related infections contributed directly to approximately
1.25 million deaths,
and indirectly to roughly 5 million deaths in 2019 alone.1
If the AMR trend doesn’t slow down, the number of deaths could grow to
10 million deaths
per year globally by 2050.2
In the United States, it‘s estimated that
up to 160,000 people die from AMR per year.3
Identifying antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is used for guidance in the treatment of bacterial infections. Tested pathogens are classified as “susceptible,” “resistant,” or “intermediate” when the results are uncertain.4,5
Resistance - A pathogen is said to be “resistant” when a given antibiotic (at the correct dosage) cannot stop the growth or kill the pathogen causing the infection. The likelihood of successful treatment is not high.4,5
Susceptibility - A pathogen is said to be susceptible when a given antibiotic can stop the growth or kill the pathogen causing the infection. The likelihood of successful treatment is high.4,5
The role of antimicrobial stewardship against AMR
Antimicrobial stewardship programs have been established by healthcare organizations to promote the appropriate use of antimicrobials, reduce AMR, and improve patient outcomes.6
According to the CDC, more than
80% of hospitals
in the United States have stewardship programs.7
Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)8
The clinical relevance of these in vitro data is unknown. Treatment decisions should not be based on this information.
2009-2023 US Surveillance Data
| Region | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Pacific (n=1141) |
44.5% |
| Mountain (n=604) |
36.2% |
| Midwest (n=1290) |
40.0% |
| Central (n=1545) |
53.4% |
| Great Lakes (n=1797) |
47.1% |
| South (n=1116) |
55.5% |
| Northeast (n=1207) |
43.8% |
| New England (n=1090) |
38.9% |
| Atlantic (n=2014) |
47.2% |
MRSA across the US
Based on 10,274 clinical isolates collected from US medical centers during 2009-2023.
MRSA, and especially community-acquired MRSA, is a major consideration for healthcare providers (HCPs) choosing treatment for ABSSSI. MRSA has become the most common causative agent for purulent skin infections in the US and is associated with higher rates of complications, recurrence, and treatment failures—often leading to hospitalizations. HCPs tend to select an ABSSSI treatment to include coverage of MRSA.8
Resistance to some common oral therapies8
Current susceptibility rates (%S) of gram-positive SSTI pathogens for oral antibiotics9
| Pathogen | Beta-lactam | TMP-SMX | Linezolid | Clindamycin† | Doxycycline |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. aureus (4,017) | 58.3% (oxacillin data) | 96.0% | 100% | 88.0% | 97.6% |
| MRSA (1,675) | 0% (oxacillin data) | 91.5% | 100% | 77.1% | 95.6% |
| Beta-hemolytic streptococci* (511) | 100% (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid data) | ND | 100% | 72.5% | 41.8% (tetracycline data) |
The clinical relevance of these in vitro data is unknown. Treatment decisions should not be based on this information.
Clinical isolates (SSTI) origin collected from US medical centers from 2020 to 2022 as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Database. Criteria as published by CLSI (2023).
CLSI=Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; MRSA=methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; ND=not determined; S. aureus=Staphylococcus aureus; SSTI=skin and soft tissue infection; TMP-SMX=trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
*Includes Streptococcus agalactiae (176), Streptococcus canis (5), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (64), and Streptococcus pyogenes (266).
†Testing for inducible clindamycin resistance was not performed in surveillance studies; the actual clindamycin susceptibility rates may be lower than the values presented.
Overall US susceptibility rates for S. pneumoniae8
| Pathogen | Azithromycin | Amoxicillin/clavulanate | Doxycycline | Cefpodoxime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. pneumoniae | 56.4%a | 90.4%b | 76.6%c | 77.7%d |
The clinical relevance of these in vitro data is unknown. Treatment decisions should not be based on this information.
Based on 17,641 clinical isolates collected from US medical centers during 2009-2023.
S. pneumoniae=Streptococcus pneumoniae.
aBased on 4712 clinical isolates collected during 2009-2010, 2016-2023. bBased on 7213 clinical isolates collected during 2009-2023. cBased on 4678 clinical isolates collected during 2009-2011, 2016-2023. dBased on 1038 clinical isolates collected during 2019-2023.
Next-generation tetracyclines
offer broad-spectrum activity against certain pathogens for appropriate patients with ABSSSI or CABP.10
Prescribing NUZYRA in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.11